In 1976 the U. S. Bureau of the Census published a 2 volume set titled "Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970." In Volume I, Table Series A-195-209, titled "Population of States, by Sex, Race, Urban-Rural Residence, and Age: 1790 to 1970" shows population totals by race for each state. I know this doesn't indicate slave status, but it may be the closest you will find published. Of course, the Census Bureau may be able to prepare a special table that would show slave status.