Did Jones County Secede from the Confederacy?

"The question of whether or not Jones County seceded from the Confederacy has intrigued historians, folklorists, and ordinary folks for well over one hundred years. In 1886, G. Norton Galloway, a Northern historian of sorts, claimed that one "Nathan Knight" had headed up a local "confederacy" in Jones County, Mississippi, that had written its own constitution and proceeded to declare itself as having seceded from the nation founded on secession. It's a great story, one that ranks right up there with Sojourner Truth's "Arn't I a Woman" speech for pure spine-chillling boldness and righteousness.

Well, Sojourner Truth did give an important speech at the Akron Women's Rights convention of 1851, but it was considerably less rousing than the legendary speech for which she is famous (see Nell Painter and Carlton Mabee's biographies). Likewise, Newt Knight DID lead an uprising against the Confederacy, but there is no evidence that he and his guerrilla band drew up documents of secession. In fact, as I documented in my book, The Free State of Jones, Newt himself, as well as his 1st Sgt., Jasper J. Collins, and Jasper's son, Loren, all denied the myth of secession during their lifetimes. In separate interviews or publications, these three men made the same point: that it was their belief that Jones County had never left the Union in the first place. The county's voters had elected an anti-secession delegate, John H. Powell, to the Mississippi State Convention of 1861. Under pressure by fire-eating delegates in Jackson, Powell caved in and voted for secession. That didn't matter to Newt and Jasper (who was Powell's own son-in-law!); as far as they were concerned, their delegate had no right to vote as he did, and they had no intention of following him out of the Union.

There is even more evidence that the legend of secession-within-secession is just that. In my upcoming book, Southern Communities at War, I detail Newt Knight's long, unsuccessful battle between 1872 and 1900 to gain compensation from the U.S. Government for the Knight Company's service to the Union during the Civil War. The detailed depositions that accompanied Newt's three separate petitions all tell the same story: the men of the Knight Company formed an ad hoc military unit in late 1863 for the purpose of remaining faithful to the Union. To this end, they had pledged their loyalty to the Union before a local magistrate. Significantly, not one of the Knight Company men ever mentioned any sort of "secession" from the Confederacy, only their determined effort to bring down the Confederate Army and restore the Union. Nor did the government's lawyers ever ask them whether they had attempted secession. This, despite the fact that to claim secession--or even attempted secession--could only have helped the Knight Company prove their Unionism and win compensation. But not one of them made such a claim.

Screenwriters and novelists love dramas that offer a singular hero with a clear, bold plan of action. Historians love a good story, too, but their first commitment must be to the truth, with all its complicated twists and turns and sometimes unsatisfying conclusions. Besides, just as the real Sojourner Truth is every bit as exciting as the legendary one, the Free State of Jones is one of the most exciting stories of the American Civil War; it needs no embellishment. "

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Be aware-- These men's major goal after the war was to attain a pension for themselves from the federal government. They used the services of Washington lawyers dedicated to getting pensions and most probably asked them to embellish their roles as Union soldiers and their fight against the Confederacy.

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David Upton