Mr. Martin's right on this, though the specifics depend on where and when. On the cattle question, the territory had raised a lot of livestock before the war and, with depopulation, much of that cattle was left to fend for itself. There was a great battle of wills between the kind of pro-Indian abolitionist radicals in the Indian and black regiments and the Army bureaocracy at Fort Scott. This culminated in the shooting of some official Army rustlers by Phillips' Indian Home Guard...and his removal from command of the brigade because of his determination to protect Indian property.

Generally speaking, refugee issues...especially in the Transmississippi remain one of the really fascinating areas of Civil War research that's largely left unexamined.