Who was allowed to cross Red River?
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Please send primary sources for "passports for North Texas" during the Civil War era.
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At this point of my study, I think that only those Indian Territory residents - and other non-Texans - with "political connections" in Texas were issued "passports" to cross Red River. ..Then, as now, the rich and well-connected could easily procure passports, but all newcomers had to have passports.
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Bourland placed men up and down Red River to keep non-Texans North of Red River, per a mandate from the Texas Legislature that strangers had to have passports. .. Starving and freezing people, yes mostly Indians from the Five Civilized Tribes plus numerous Arkansans and Missourians - even Confederate sympathizers - camped along the North bank of Red River.
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Below are "identification papers" entries in my 134-page Name Index. ..See my "CollectiveTerms" page of my website that lists the sociological terms that I included in my Name Index. http://www.bourlandcivilwar.com/CollectiveTerms.htm
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IDENTIFICATION ..PAPERS
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passports, passes, passwords, 134, 135, 136, 195, 218, 223, 224, 267, 305, A-157
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vIp134...Provost Marshal James Bourland’s responsibilities included " .. 2).issuing passports for travel and could arrest anyone considered “injurious to the interests of the country."
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vIp135. ...A loosely organized group of Union smpathizers who used a secret “sign, grip, and the password ‘Arizina’.” but some only made pro-Union comments in passing. ..Rumor and court testimony gave estimates of 1,700 members in North Texas.
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vIp136. ....Jun 1862.....“... [Provost Marshal] James Bourland refused to issue passports to and arrested John M. Cottrell and A.N. Johnson, who had married the daughter of Lucretia Hawley that day. Lucretia’s husband, Elias J Hawley, who had been a Butterfield Stage employee, had fled leaving her “with no consolation but her wit, and no dowry but her beauty. ...”
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vIp146. "... There were refugees from Missouri and Arkansas camped all along the [north bank of] Red River. .."
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vIp195. “ ... The general commanding [McCulloch] wishes you to exercise peculiar vigilance in stopping these fellows. ..Parties, too, are reported passing through the country on the credit of Quantrill's men, who are, in all probability, jayhawkers, or, perhaps, spies. ..They should be looked to. ..I have heard that Quantrill himself published a card with reference to such characters [passport], saying that unless they are provided with a printed furlough from him, they are sailing under false colors. ... ”
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vIp218. "... Enclosed I send you M.A. Bailey's Pass from the Enrolling Officer of Hopkins County. Said Bailey has been arrested. ..My men in this county [say] he has been skulking, and forwards [him] from this to Hopkins County [for] avoiding service. ..I also send you him for disposal. ..."
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vIp223. "... I suspect them and if they get into Texas and have not the proper papers, arrest them and send them to me at once. ..."
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vIp224. “... While [authorities were] traveling through Cooke County gaining names for a petition to have local units returned home for the protection of their home counties, Wm. R. Strong was arrested for lack of proper identification, which was defined by Bourland as orders over the signature of General H.E. McCulloch. ...”
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vIp267. "... The scouts killed one man whose printed pass read “James Halsel.” ..This happened to be the same name as found in the notes of [? A.J.] Collins as the one who accompanied Collins to Big Elm Creek in Denton County. ..."
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vIp305. “... Also, one Robert Henson of Capt. Davenport’s Co., [Col. J.G.] Steven’s Regiment, and was found at home without proper papers. ...”
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vIp336... “ ... Six thousand (6,000) Cherokees were reported to be on the Red River at the time of the Fort Smith Council [Sep 1865]. ..Needy and friendless, far distant from their desolate homes, and there were Seminoles in the lowlands of the Washita [River].”
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vIp339. "... he [Colonel James Bourland] remained there [his farm on Red River] until an ordinance of secession was passed by the State, then after the second year’s war, he organized a regiment for border purposes, placing his men up and down Red River for home protection. ..."
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vIIpA-157. "... Using his commission papers to travel through Confederate lines, he and his followers marched to southwest Missouri, where they apparently received
Union army papers. ..."
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The above referenced pages are from my 1,022-page book.
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Again, please send primary sources for "passports for North Texas" during the Civil War era.
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Patti Adkins-Rochette, prochette@Juno.com