I think it is safe to say that Charles Doy and the Waffles were killed by a band of “Border Ruffians”, possibly from Missouri. The claims that he was a horse thief is specious. In fact the Doy family had horses stolen from them during the “Sack of Lawrence”. This is documented in the Narrative of Dr. John Doy and the record of claims submitted to the US Congress. The Doy family were upstanding free-soil pioneer settlers in Lawrence and apparently Charles made the mistake of settling in a pro-slavery community close to the Missouri border where he tragically lost his life. I think the articles in the Missouri press can be discounted as part of a “cover up”. Sadly such politically motivated murders were all too common during the “Bloody Kansas” period just prior to the Civil War.